All of these are common Cahuilla surnames. The alternating non-reservation sections were granted to the Southern Pacific Railroad as an incentive to bring rail lines through the Sonoran Desert.Ī number of streets and areas in Palm Springs are named for Native American notables, including Andreas, Arenas, Amado, Belardo, Lugo, Patencio, Saturnino, and Chino. When the Agua Caliente Reservation was established by the United States government in 1876, the reservation land was composed of alternating sections (640 acres or 260 ha) of land laid out across the desert in a checkerboard pattern. The first name for Palm Springs was given by the native Cahuilla: 'Se-Khi' (boiling water). The Native American land is on long lease land and next to one of California's high-end communities, making the tribe one of the wealthiest in California. Six thousand seven hundred acres (2,700 ha) are located by Downtown Palm Springs. The Agua Caliente ('Hot Water') Reservation was established in 1876 and consists of 31,128 acres (12,597 ha). The mortar holes were used to grind acorns into meal. Ancient petroglyphs, pictographs and mortar holes can be seen in Andreas Canyon. The Cahuilla's irrigation ditches, dams, and house pits can also be seen here. Native American petroglyphs can be seen in Tahquitz, Chino, and Indian Canyons. While the Cahuillas often spent the summers in Indian Canyons, the current site of Spa Resort Casino in downtown was often used during winter due to its natural hot springs. They also made tortillas from mesquite seeds. While men were responsible for hunting, women were responsible for collecting berries, acorns, and seeds.

The Cahuilla hunted rabbit, mountain goat, and quail while trapping fish in nearby lakes and rivers. Various hot springs were used during wintertime. The Cahuilla Indians had several permanent settlements in the canyons of Palm Springs due to the abundance of water and shade. Palm Canyon was occupied during the winter months, but they often moved to cooler Chino Canyon during the summer months. Numerous prominent and powerful Cahuilla leaders were from the area, including Cahuilla Lion ( Chief Juan Antonio). They spoke Ivilyuat, which is a Uto-Aztecan language. Cahuilla Indians lived here in isolation from other cultures for hundreds of years prior to European contact. The first humans to settle in the area were the Cahuilla people, who arrived 2,000 years ago.

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